Texturing with Orbit Traps Direct (UF5)
From Ultrafractal Wiki
Orbit Traps Direct (UF5) is a Coloring Algorithm in dmj5.ucl
also see:
Orbit Traps Overview TrapShapePlayground
There has been a lot of discussion about texturing with Orbit Traps Direct UF5 and how well it works. I thought perhaps I could help a little bit with some explanations and example UPRs. I hope all these UPRs work as expected; if there are any textual errors, please let me know. This is a bit long.
To start with I will be re-using the TrapShapePlayground I posted earlier. Here it is again if you missed it:
TrapShapePlayground {
; www.fractalus.com
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}
And here is the outline for the coloring (on the Inside tab for the playground):
Generic Coloring (Gradient)
Coloring Algorithm -> dmj5-OrbitTrapsDirect Gradient UF5 (UF5)
Trap Iteration -> Trap Select
Trap Position -> Trap Position
Trap Shape -> Point
Trap Transfer -> Trap Transfer
Trap Mode -> Closest
Trap Texture -> Flat Texture
Trap Color Mode -> Distance
Now before we dive in and look at texturing UPRs, we have a bit of theory to cover. "Texturing" is just the process of modifying the color or shape of something to make it appear to have a surface *besides* the usual smooth coloring.
Recall the information flow for basic orbit trapping:
location inside
mapping fractal outside layers
point -> orbit -> trap distance
orbit -> trap distance
orbit -> trap distance
.
.
.
orbit -> trap distance
(final) distances -(trap/color mode)-> color
There are several ways we can apply "texture" to our traps:
1. We can distort the trap shape itself. 2. We can add or multiply our texture to our trap distance. 3. We can add the texture value during the trap coloring step.
Here is where each of those methods is applied in the data flow:
pre
location inside
mapping fractal outside layers
point -> orbit -> [[1]] -> trap distance -> [[2]]
orbit -> [[1]] -> trap distance -> [[2]]
orbit -> [[1]] -> trap distance -> [[2]]
.
.
.
orbit -> [[1]] -> trap distance -> [[2]]
(final) dists -(trap/color mode [[3]])-> color
These three methods all produce different results. We're going to take
a look at each of them so you can understand them better. And to do
that, we're going to use two different textures as examples. Here is
the first:
fBmTexture {
; www.fractalus.com
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}
Here I plugged the fBm shape into the playground. Most of the options
are the default, but I changed a few: I increased the fBm "Scale" to
3.162 and in the Trap Transfer I changed the "Offset" and "Post-scale"
to 0.5. The "Scale" change just increases the "noisiness" of the texture
by shrinking it (play around with it to see). I'll talk more about the
[Trap Transfer]] tweaks in a little bit. Here's the outline of this UPR:
Generic Coloring (Gradient)
Coloring Algorithm -> dmj5-OrbitTrapsDirect Gradient UF5 (UF5)
Trap Iteration -> Trap Select
Trap Position -> Trap Position
Trap Shape -> fBm (dmj5.ulb)
Noise Basis Function -> Noise
Trap Transfer -> Trap Transfer
Trap Mode -> Closest
Trap Texture -> Flat Texture
Trap Color Mode -> Distance
Now, here is the other texture:
PillowedTexture {
; www.fractalus.com
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}
This provides a "pillowed" texture that is very regular. Here's the outline for it:
Generic Coloring (Gradient)
Coloring Algorithm -> dmj5-OrbitTrapsDirect Gradient UF5
Trap Iteration -> Trap Select
Trap Position -> Trap Tiling (dmj5.ulb)
Trap Shape -> Point
Trap Transfer -> Trap Transfer
Trap Mode -> Closest
Trap Texture -> Flat Texture
Trap Color Mode -> Distance
Again there are default parameters here except the "Post-scale" in the Trap Transfer block has been changed to 2, and instead of a "Trap Position" in the positioning slot I've put "Trap Tiling", where I've set the "Tile Spacing" to (0.5,0.5) and the "Tile Rotation" to 45. Try changing the actual trap shape and you'll see how the tiling is being used. Change it back to a "Point" trap shape when you're done.
With these two examples, we're ready to experiment with texturing.
For simplicity, we're actually going to start with texturing method #2, where we add or multiply our texture value together with the trap distance itself. To do this with the original TrapShapePlayground, we need to replace the single "Point" trap shape with a TrapShape Merge, so we can plug in multiple trap shapes:
TrapShapePlayground {
; www.fractalus.com
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}
Here's the outline:
Generic Coloring (Gradient)
Coloring Algorithm -> dmj5-OrbitTrapsDirect Gradient UF5 (UF5)
Trap Iteration -> Trap Select
Trap Position -> Trap Position
Trap Shape -> TrapShape Merge (common.ulb)
Trap Shape -> TrapShape Block
Trap Position -> Trap Position
Trap Shape -> Point
Trap Transfer -> Null Transfer
Trap Shape -> TrapShape Block
Trap Position -> Trap Position
Trap Shape -> Point
Trap Transfer -> Null Transfer
Trap Transfer -> Trap Transfer
Trap Mode -> Closest
Trap Texture -> Flat Texture
Trap Color Mode -> Distance
Now with this UPR I've changed the "Merge Mode" in TrapShape Merge to
"add" because we're going to add our texture to our trap shape. As soon
as I did this (as you will see when you paste the UPR and compare it to
the original playground) the size of the trap *shrinks*. Why? Because
I have set up two traps, both points, both in the exact same place, and
then added the results together. This effectively means every trap
distance is *doubled*, which means they reach the "Trap Threshold"
value much closer to the trap center than before. This is why the trap
shape appears to shrink. Since we're going to be replacing one of those
Point shapes with our texture in a moment, this is fine.
So, let's go ahead and paste the fBm texture into the second Trap Shape slot in the Merge. For this, we need both the Trap Shape object and the Trap Transfer object; we'll have to copy them one at a time. (To do this, click the fBm Texture window, then go to the Inside tab, locate the "fBm" entry in the "Trap Shape" slot, right-click the icon and choose "Copy"; then click the TrapShapePlayground window, go to the Inside tab, locate the second "Trap Shape" slot in the TrapShape Merge, right-click the icon, and choose "Paste". Use a similar procedure to get the Trap Transfer copied into the slot just under the fBm shape.)
Here's the copied UPR:
TrapShapePlayground+FBmTexture {
; www.fractalus.com
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}
Holy mangled circles, Batman! It's hard to see the original trap shape
through all that mess. What to do?
Now we're going to talk about Transfer functions, and how they are your friend (especially if you're a texture addict). The TrapShape Block object used in TrapShape Merge includes slots for Trap Position, Trap Shape, and Trap Transfer. Trap Position indicates *where* the trap shape is. Trap Shape governs the overall shape of the trap. And Trap Transfer is used to modify the distances reported.
What's going on under the hood with a Transfer is a multi-step process. The Trap Transfer object uses each of the parameters you give it in the order you give them. Let's imagine your trap shape reports a distance that varies from -1 to 1:
-1 -.8 -.6 -.4 -.2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1
<--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+-->
|<----------- trap distance ----------->|
The Transfer consists of offsets, which shift the range of values to
the left (negative) or right (positive), scales, which multiply both
endpoints by a particular value, and a transfer function (which changes
the values in a non-linear way). We can spend a lot of time talking
about Transfer functions but we won't (at least not today). For now,
we will leave the function as "linear" so that it does not interfere
with what we are doing.
If you look at the Transfer parameters for the fBm trap we pasted in you will see that we changed the "Offset" to 0.5 and the "Post-scale" to 0.5. These numbers weren't chosen arbitrarily. *Most* trap shapes will return distances ranging from 0 (at the trap "center") to infinity (very far away from the trap). Except for other scaling factors, trap distances should range from 0 to 1 to cover the full range of colors in the gradient. Trap shapes intended for use as textures, however, often produce "trap distances" that are negative as well as positive, and this is true for fBm. When I showed you the texture at first, I was using a "texture" trap shape as a regular trap shape, and that means those negative values will all get clipped to zero, resulting in big patches of solid color. To "fix" this so you can see the texture I offset by 0.5 (so now the range of values is from -0.5 to 1.5) and then scaled them by 0.5 (so now the range of values is from -0.25 to 0.75). Although this technically does allow some negative values to slip through, in practice fBm rarely produces results in the very ends of its range.
-1 -.8 -.6 -.4 -.2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
<--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+-->
|<----------- trap distance ----------->|
|<--------- after 0.5 offset ---------->|
after 0.5 scale |<----------------->|
So, I put values into the Transfer to make the texture more visible as
a trap shape. Now we're using it as a texture again, we can remove
those. Locate the Trap Transfer that applies to the fBm trap shape,
right-click its icon, and choose "Reset Parameters" to reset just this
object's parameters to the default.
Hmmm, not much better. In fact it looks even more fragmented. But, now we're in a great position to play with the most important value in the transfer: the "Post-scale" value. Within a Trap Transfer, the do- nothing value for "offset" parameters is 0, and the do-nothing value for "scale" parameters is 1. (This is because offsets are addition and scales are multiplications.) If we want to reduce the effect of our texture, we want to *scale down* the "distance" reported by the texture so it will have less effect on our combined trap distance. So, enter 0.1 for the "Post-scale" value, to reduce the texture effect to just one-tenth its original strength. Here is the result:
TrapShapePlayground+FBmTextureScaled {
; www.fractalus.com
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}
Play with the "Post-scale" parameter so you can see how it directly
affects the "strength" of the texturing effect. Here is the same thing,
but now using the pillowed texture, scaled to 0.5:
TrapShapePlayground+PillowedTextureScaled {
; www.fractalus.com
::losiBhn212ZXvRKOWY47bp+/Air2VrUCf/xMibmu3ZkGpsTLN5yVqkD4KFbTBIwVnO/7XbDV
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}
Notice with each of these that by combining the texture directly with the trap shape, we alter the shape. We are coloring these traps based on the trap distance, so we can directly see the results of our texturing; we'll have to discuss other trap coloring modes another time.
That's it for texturing method #2. Now let's look at method #3. (Yes I know we still haven't talked about method #1. We'll get there.)
Method #3 allows us to add texturing to our traps *without* altering the trap shape. Let's go back to TrapShapePlayground + fBm Texture (scaled). Copy the fBm trap shape (not the TrapShape Block, just the trap shape) and paste it into a fresh copy of the TrapShapePlayground's "Trap Texture" slot. You should get this:
TrapShapePlayground+FBmTextureAsTexture {
; www.fractalus.com
::7izhUin2di1SvtNOQ47BI/HI0pdxC4IpEZn2CeJJbLQBy2C0c3gWakN3QRKQSnH7v+dIlkld
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S3IsetYqUKMtjanwlFwb0bwBj9OANu9LdrTmvYxi0Ec7p9ncZfFgD83hu7HkJNDh+/Anyg5Y
}
Notice how, with this method, the trap edge stays as a perfect circle. The texturing is applied at the very last moment, after the trap shapes have already been determined. Here, you can use the "Texture Amount" parameter to do the same thing that we used "Post-scale" in Trap Transfer to do: to scale the effects of the texture.
Let's look at how to apply our pillowed texture using this method. For this texture, we need not just the trap shape but also the Trap Tiling transform, so instead of copying just the Point trap shape, copy the entire TrapShape Block that holds Trap Tiling and Point and Trap Transfer. Then paste the entire TrapShape Block into the "Trap Texture" slot in the TrapShapePlayground. You should get this:
TrapShapePlayground+PillowedTextureAsTexture {
; www.fractalus.com
::zvN/0in2liVXvNOKU03Hp5/AyPtrWpGbvNNzHiXm2dHpRqar00HXpIiBnwWMYB42m/97FsdS
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}
If your eyes are exceptionally keen you will be able to discern the pillowed texture here, but it is very subtle. That's because the default "Texture Amount" is 0.25, which is combining with the 0.5 we still have in the Trap Transfer to give an overall strength of 0.125. Change the "Texture Amount" to 1 and the pillowed texture will be more obvious. Note, though, that it still doesn't change the shape of the trap: it's perfectly round. Here's the outline of this UPR:
Generic Coloring (Gradient)
Coloring Algorithm -> dmj5-OrbitTrapsDirect Gradient UF5 (UF5)
Trap Iteration -> Trap Select
Trap Position -> Trap Position
Trap Shape -> Point
Trap Transfer -> Trap Transfer
[[Trap Mode]] -> Closest
Trap Texture -> TrapShape Block
Trap Position -> Trap Tiling
Trap Shape -> Point
Trap Transfer -> Trap Transfer
Trap Color Mode -> Distance
Now we're ready to talk about method #1: using texture to distort the trap shape. This is a little bit different from simply adding the texture to the trap distance, because here we're using a texture to push parts of the trap shape around. (The differences are more obvious when other trap colorings are used.)
The key here is that we're going to use a Transform to distort the trap shape in some fashion. A Transform is the object version of a Transformation formula from earlier versions of UF. Many of the older uxf formulas have been converted to object format already. What is tricky about this is that the "Trap Position" parameter is actually a slot for a Transform, and the "Trap Position" object is really a Transform object. That means you can load any Transform into the "Trap Position" slot.
Of course, if you do that, you will not be able to have the "Trap Position" Transform in that slot, which makes positioning your new distorted trap shape more difficult. So instead of loading just one Transform into the "Trap Position" slot, we will use "Transform Merge". As you might expect, this is like "TrapShape Merge" except that it works for Transform objects. Then, we can put "Trap Position" in one of the slots and a texturizing Transform in another slot. We want to end up with this outline:
Generic Coloring (Gradient)
Coloring Algorithm -> dmj5-OrbitTrapsDirect Gradient UF5 (UF5)
Trap Iteration -> Trap Select
Trap Position -> Transform Merge (common.ulb)
Transform -> Distort (fBm and more) (dmj5.ulb)
Distortion Transform -> Null Transform
Distortion Texture -> fBm
Noise Basis Function -> Noise
Distortion Transfer -> Trap Transfer
Transform -> Trap Position (common.ulb)
Trap Shape -> Point
Trap Transfer -> Trap Transfer
Trap Mode -> Closest
Trap Texture -> Flat Texture
Trap Color Mode -> Distance
So to do this, we choose Transform Merge for the "Trap Position" slot.
When we load this, we will see ten "Transform" slots, each with a "Null Transform" loaded. By default, Transform Merge shows us all the slots,
so we can choose which ones we want to fill. We want to put the Distort
Transform in the first slot, the Trap Position Transform in the second
slot, and then we can uncheck "Show all slots" to hide the slots we're
not using. When you've done this, you should have this result:
TrapShapePlayground+FBmTextureAsDistortion {
; www.fractalus.com
::vtxuBgn21u1WPuJOU43rU/Pg4pd1KND4ECJTFv0ObrUlmuVqzjVKyBMJuFwIjzcZ/1v+CQcI
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TZDExb6/B4RXAdL=
}
The Distort Transform is very powerful and very flexible; it takes the place of my older "fBm Glass 1" and "fBm Distort" transformations. This is another thing we could talk about for a long time, but the quick summary is that for any given point, we produce a distortion strength (a distance to move) and a distortion angle (which direction to move). The default setup for Distort is to use a fixed angle (relative to the distortion center, as the mode is radial) and to use an fBm trap shape as the distortion strength. So, Distort will "push" or "pull" each point towards or away from the distortion center, with the actual amount of movement varying with the fBm texture.
The key here is that we're using the fBm trap shape to move points around, and because we're doing it to the points just before they're fed into the Trap Shape object, it has the effect of distorting the Trap Shape. With the default settings, our Trap Shape (a circle) looks pretty well mangled, but we can change that by tweaking the "Distortion Strength" parameter inside the Distort Transform. Play with this value so you can see how it affects the image, then restore it to 0.5.
Because Distort works with Trap Shape objects, we can drop in a totally different trap shape and get a different texturing effect. So, let's copy the entire TrapShape Block that holds our pillowed texture into the "Distortion Texture" slot:
TrapShapePlayground+PillowedTextureAsDistortion {
; www.fractalus.com
::LzeIUin21uVWvtNOQ43LQ/PIon2FLQiEtlPahepNbLQBS3A084CYQLRFzGZRBS6cs/6XeIJT
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}
This looks similar to the method #2 texturing with the pillowed texture, but it is in fact different. To show you how different, change the "Distortion Strength" to 1, then locate the main "Trap Shape" parameter that holds a Point object and replace it with a Spiral trap shape from dmj5.ulb. You should get this:
TrapShapePlaygroundSpiral+PillowedTextureAsDistortion {
; www.fractalus.com
::n0CLPjn21uVWPyJOQ43jU+Pg4pEtSzAuvTEvkMbiUkmsRKzjrUL3gpbnBwIb3zx+rf9BQboP
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KZG=
}
And here's the outline:
Generic Coloring (Gradient)
Coloring Algorithm -> dmj5-OrbitTrapsDirect Gradient UF5 (UF5)
Trap Iteration -> Trap Select
Trap Position -> [[Transform Merge]]
Transform -> Distort (fBm and more)
Distortion Transform -> Null Transform
Distortion Texture -> TrapShape Block
Trap Position -> Trap Tiling
[[Trap Shape]] -> Point
Trap Transfer -> [[Trap Transfer]]
Distortion Transfer -> [[Trap Transfer]]
Transform -> Trap Position
[[Trap Shape]] -> Point
Trap Transfer -> [[Trap Transfer]]
[[Trap Mode]] -> Closest
Trap Texture -> Flat Texture
Trap Color Mode -> Distance
Obviously I have only scratched the surface with describing various texturing methods. Because objects can be connected together in many ways, we will still be discovering new ways for years to come. The more things we as artists can choose, the more of ourselves is expressed in our artwork. But that, too, is a topic for another time. :-)
It's Ron's challenge, so I can't speak for him. But I can address a little the issue of being overwhelmed. You are absolutely correct that there are so many options and possibilities it can be hard to know what to do.
As I've indicated before, UF5 formulas are made of pieces, called "classes" or "objects" or "PlugIns" (the name is not really important unless you're a programmer). With UF4 you only needed to learn your favorite formulas really, really well. But with UF5 there are so many new options it's hard to know (a) what is available, and (b) how they fit together. Ron's challenges are trying to fix that.
Let me give a bit of background on Orbit Traps Direct UF5 in general that may be helpful. The essential concept is that you set up an area of interest (the "trap") and as the point iterates through the fractal equation (the "orbit") you watch how it goes in and out of the trap area.
There are actually several different "orbit trap" formulas (and this was true even before UF5). They all have slightly different capabilities. But at least with UF5, they can all draw from the same collection of objects to perform the various parts of the orbit trapping method.
The most obvious of these is the Trap Shape, which defines the area of interest. There are hundreds of these already. When you actually work with a Trap Shape, though, you realize it's not all that useful by itself. The Trap Shape does exactly one thing: it describes a shape, always centered at (0,0). It doesn't let you have more than one trap shape. And it reports the trap distance in a simple, linear fashion.
All of those other useful things were present in the older orbit traps formulas, but with UF5's orbit trap formulas they're structured differently. If you want multiple trap shapes, rather than require the orbit trap formula to know how to merge trap shapes and be written specifically to account for it, we wrote a "TrapShape Merge" wrapper. If fits into a Trap Shape slot, and itself has ten slots for more trap shapes. It's like plugging in an electrical outlet adapter that has more sockets on it so you can plug more things in than just one.
Along with that is a way to accommodate positioning traps and changing the linear output. These are handled in Trap Position and Trap Transfer, respectively. In my orbit traps formula, for the basic trap I already have these included in the main formula. But if you put a TrapShape Merge into the Trap Shape slot, you don't have separate positioning for each of your included traps--they're all stuck at (0,0) and that makes merging them... far less useful!
The solution is the TrapShape Block. This is another wrapper that goes in a Trap Shape slot, and combines a Transform (with Trap Position pre-selected), a Trap Shape, and a Transfer (with Null Transfer selected, but you can choose Trap Transfer to get the "normal" transfer function options). With this, you can put your trap shape into the Block's trap shape slot, and you can adjust its position without altering the positions of the other merged traps.
The key to all of this is that you have to understand how objects fit inside other objects. Here's the structure we're talking about:
Orbit Traps Gradient UF5
Trap Position - affects the merged trap shape
Trap Shape -> TrapShape Merge
Slot 1 -> TrapShape Block
Trap Position - for just the first trap shape
Trap Shape -> choose something cool!
Slot 2 -> [[TrapShape Block]]
Trap Position - for just the second trap shape
Trap Shape -> choose something cool!
Trap Transfer - affects the merged trap shape
Trap Texture - applied to the merged trap shape
When you're trying to understand how your objects are related, make good use of the triangles on the left side of the panel to collapse nested objects and hide their parameters. This will help you see the "big picture".
I *know* this is hard. There is a lot of stuff happening all at once. You don't have to learn it all at once (all the UF4 formulas still work) but it *is* worthwhile.
***
Thanks Damien,
That was really excellent.
Unfortunately there really isn't an intermediate step between using a trap shape and merging trap shape, and merging trap shapes is the next logical step after using a single trap shape.
Please feel free to ask questions and I will try to answer them. If you have problems with a challenge and submit a challenge that doesn't meet the rules, I will answer back to the list, as I suspect others may have similar problems, and my answers will be instructive to everyone. It is also a very good idea to read the help file in UF5. As I had mentioned on the list before, do a search on "trap" in the help file and select the "Orbit Traps" entry. That entry gives a description of all the slots/plugin-s for Orbit Traps.
Here is a rough summary of the most important aspects of the rules for challenge #2:
- I recommend you start with the default Orbit Traps Gradient in dmj5.ulb. Use the challenge #2 sample as a guide as you make changes to the plug-ins.
- Instead of a trap shape use TrapShape Merge. Instead of a trap texture use TrapShape Block.
- When you replace the default Trap Shape with TrapShape Merge (which is in common.ulb) you should see parameters for merge mode, coloring source and texture source and a check box for show all slots. You will also see check boxes for Enable Trap Shape #1 and Enable Trap Shape #2 which are checked. Start by using the default values. This gives you the two trap shapes required by the rules. The default trap shapes are both "Point". Replace them with your choice. As the rules state you don't have to use Trap Position and Trap Transfer. You are only required to use the two trap shapes, which must be different.
- When you replace the default Trap Texture with TrapShape Block (in common.ulb) You will see the appearance of new slots for Trap Position, Trap Shape and Trap Transfer. The default Trap Shape is Point. The reason for using TrapShape Block in place of the default Trap Texture is the following: Simply putting a new Trap Shape plug-in into the texture slot can produce some nice textures as all of you have demonstrated in Challenge #1. Unfortunately there is no way to modify the texture size, position, rotation, etc or to change the characteristics of the output from the texture. You are stuck with only the options the plug-in writer put into the shape. Using TrapShape Block gives you much greater control over your texture. Thats why there is a requirement for the challenge to change Trap Position and/or Trap Transfer.
I hope this helps.
Ron Barnett
Hi Zoo,
That coloring always opens with a sort-of black image -- but if you look closely you'll see that it actually is a subtly colored image (for the default Mandelbrot set at least).
Inside Parallels, have you set your Windows screen settings to '32-bit color'?
Best regards, Frederik Slijkerman
Zooreka wrote:
Frederik - as promised I had a play with The colourings again this morning after a nights sleep...
>
I have found that The problem (seemed to be with direct Orbit Traps in dmj 5. On opening you get hit with a black screen by default... However having played with some of the switches and changed one or two of the optipons I found it works rather nicely......
>
Here are the params for just a texturing layer I added with the fornula....
>
CopyOfTest_03 {
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}
